Prevalence and Associated Factors of Maternal Depression and Anxiety Among African Immigrant Women in Alberta, Canada: Quantitative Cross-sectional Survey Study

Chinenye Nmanma Nwoke; Oluwagbohunmi A Awosoga; Sheila McDonald; Glenda T Bonifacio; Brenda M Y Leung

doi:10.2196/43800

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Maternal Depression and Anxiety Among African Immigrant Women in Alberta, Canada: Quantitative Cross-sectional Survey Study

JMIR Form Res. 2023 Feb 20:7:e43800. doi: 10.2196/43800.

Authors

Chinenye Nmanma Nwoke¹, Oluwagbohunmi A Awosoga¹, Sheila McDonald², Glenda T Bonifacio³, Brenda M Y Leung¹

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
² Department of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
³ Department of Women and Gender Studies, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.

PMID: 36808093
PMCID: PMC9989913
DOI: 10.2196/43800

Abstract

Background: Although there is a significant body of evidence on maternal mental health, an inadequate focus has been placed on African immigrant women. This is a significant limitation given the rapidly changing demographics in Canada. The prevalence of maternal depression and anxiety among African immigrant women in Alberta and Canada, as well as the associated risk factors, are not well understood and remain largely unknown.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of maternal depression and anxiety among African immigrant women living in Alberta, Canada up to 2 years postpartum.

Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed 120 African immigrant women within 2 years of delivery in Alberta, Canada from January 2020 to December 2020. The English version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale-10 (EPDS-10), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale, and a structured questionnaire regarding associated factors were administered to all participants. A cutoff score of 13 on the EPDS-10 was indicative of depression, while a cutoff score of 10 on the GAD-7 scale was indicative of anxiety. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the factors significantly associated with maternal depression and anxiety.

Results: Among the 120 African immigrant women, 27.5% (33/120) met the EPDS-10 cutoff score for depression and 12.1% (14/116) met the GAD-7 cutoff score for anxiety. The majority of respondents with maternal depression were younger (18/33, 56%), had a total household income of CAD $60,000 or more (US $45,000 or more; 21/32, 66%), rented their homes (24/33, 73%), had an advanced degree (19/33, 58%), were married (26/31, 84%), were recent immigrants (19/30, 63%), had friends in the city (21/31, 68%), had a weak sense of belonging in the local community (26/31, 84%), were satisfied with their settlement process (17/28, 61%), and had access to a regular medical doctor (20/29, 69%). In addition, the majority of respondents with maternal anxiety were nonrecent immigrants (9/14, 64%), had friends in the city (8/13, 62%), had a weak sense of belonging in the local community (12/13, 92%), and had access to a regular medical doctor (7/12, 58%). The multivariable logistic regression model identified demographic and social factors significantly associated with maternal depression (maternal age, working status, presence of friends in the city, and access to a regular medical doctor) and maternal anxiety (access to a regular medical doctor and sense of belonging in the local community).

Conclusions: Social support and community belonging initiatives may improve the maternal mental health outcomes of African immigrant women. Given the complexities immigrant women face, more research is needed on a comprehensive approach for public health and preventive strategies regarding maternal mental health after migration, including increasing access to family doctors.

Keywords: African women; anxiety; depression; immigrant women; mental health; postpartum health; pregnancy.

©Chinenye Nmanma Nwoke, Oluwagbohunmi A Awosoga, Sheila McDonald, Glenda T Bonifacio, Brenda M Y Leung. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 20.02.2023.