We treated highly metabolically adaptable (SUM149-MA) triple-negative inflammatory breast cancer cells and their control parental SUM149-Luc cell line with JQ1 for long periods to determine its efficacy at inhibiting therapy-resistant cells. After 20 days of treatment with 1-2 µM of JQ1, which killed majority of cells in the parental cell line, a large number of SUM149-MA cells survived, consistent with their pan-resistant nature. Interestingly, though, the JQ1 treatment sensitized resistant cancer cells in both the SUM149-MA and SUM149-Luc cell lines to subsequent treatment with doxorubicin and paclitaxel. To measure JQ1-mediated sensitization of resistant cancer cells, we first eradicated approximately 99% of relatively chemotherapy-sensitive cancer cells in culture dishes by long treatments with doxorubicin or paclitaxel, and then analyzed the remaining resistant cells for survival and growth into colonies. In addition, combination, rather than sequential, treatment with JQ1 and doxorubicin was also effective in overcoming resistance. Notably, Western blotting showed that JQ1-treated cancer cells had significantly lower levels of PD-L1 protein than did untreated cells, indicating that JQ1 treatment may reduce tumor-mediated immune suppression and improve the response to immunotherapy targeting PD-L1. Finally, JQ1 treatment with a low 62.5 nM dose sensitized another resistant cell line, FC-IBC02-MA, to treatment with doxorubicin and paclitaxel.
Keywords: JQ1; PD-L1; cancer epigenome; cancer quiescence; cancer relapse; cell culture model; inflammatory breast cancer; intrinsic resistance; metastasis prevention; minimal residual disease.