Exploring behavioral systems of the reinforcement sensitivity theory in people with epilepsy: A cross-sectional study

Jad El Ahdab; Kamal Kallab; Zalihe Yarkiner; Sami Helwe; Hanna Mattar; Georges Raad

doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109394

Exploring behavioral systems of the reinforcement sensitivity theory in people with epilepsy: A cross-sectional study

Epilepsy Behav. 2023 Oct:147:109394. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109394. Epub 2023 Aug 22.

Authors

Jad El Ahdab¹, Kamal Kallab², Zalihe Yarkiner³, Sami Helwe¹, Hanna Mattar², Georges Raad⁴

Affiliations

¹ School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
² School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon; Notre Dame des Secours University Hospital Center, Street 93, Byblos Postal Code 3, Lebanon.
³ Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Northern Cyprus via Mersin, Cyprus International University, Turkey.
⁴ School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon. Electronic address: georgesraad@usek.edu.lb.

PMID: 37619468
DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109394

Abstract

Objectives: Although epilepsy has previously been associated with behavioral changes, no previous study has utilized the behavioral models of the reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) to investigate the impact of epilepsy on behavior. Therefore, the objective of this cross-sectional study is to examine the potential relationship between epilepsy and the neurobehavioral systems of the RST.

Methods: Using the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory-Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ), this cross-sectional study assessed the behavioral systems of the RST in a sample of 27 epilepsy patients and 27 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals. The RST-PQ was designed to assess the different behavioral systems of the RST. The behavioral approach system (BAS) is responsible of the approach behavior, in high values related to risk seeking and addictive behavior and in low values well related to depression. The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) is well related to anxiety in high levels, and the fight flight freeze system (FFFS) is responsible for the avoidance behavior.

Results: After adjusting for age, no significant differences were found in demographic information (gender and marital status) between the general population and epilepsy patients. Gender distribution was similar, with 55.6% females in both groups. Marital status also showed no significant difference, with 74% single in the control group and 63% in the epilepsy group. Significant differences were observed in the behavioral systems of the RST. The epilepsy group had higher scores compared with the control group in several areas. BAS reward activity had a median score of 23 in the epilepsy group and 21 in the control group (p = 0.001). BAS goal drive persistence (p = 0.04), BAS impulsivity (p = 0.014), FFFS (p = 0.002), and BIS (median score of 77 in the epilepsy group and 66 in the control group) also showed significant differences, with p = 0.001. These significant differences remained consistent before and after matching the control group, indicating their robustness. The only exception was BAS reward activity, which did not show a significant difference after matching, with p = 0.106 and p = 0.051 before and after matching, respectively.

Conclusions: The study suggests a potential positive association between epilepsy and the BIS, potentially mediated by the hippocampus. The relationship between epilepsy and the BAS, as well as the FFFS, may also be influenced by the BIS. These findings have clinical implications, but further research is needed to confirm these relationships.

Keywords: Approach; Avoidance; Epilepsy; Goal conflict; Personality; Reinforcement sensitivity theory.