Differences in the inflammatory response among hospitalized patients with distinct variants of SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 variants demonstrate diverse transmission patterns, modifications in infectivity, and immune response. Changes in disease manifestation may be attributed to vaccination and the virus's reduced capacity to induce inflammation.

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between the inflammatory response and the characteristics of COVID-19 across successive waves.

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory data of Alpha (G1), Delta (G2), and Omicron (G3) variants.

Results: A total of 300 patients from a hospital in Madrid, Spain, were included. The groups exhibited similar sociodemographic and baseline characteristics. The Alpha variant predominantly affected younger patients, while the Omicron variant affected patients with a higher prevalence of comorbidities. The Alpha group had the lowest vaccination rate compared to the highest rate in the Omicron group. The Alpha group received a higher proportion of tocilizumab compared to the other groups. Despite these differences, the severity scores were similar among the three variants. Regarding laboratory parameters, differences were observed in haemoglobin, D-dimer, alkaline phosphatase, and potassium levels. The Omicron variant showed higher D-dimer levels (p=0.04). In the multivariate analysis, differences in leukocyte count, haemoglobin, alkaline phosphatase, and potassium levels were consistently observed among patients from different waves. Omicron exhibited a higher absolute leukocyte count than the Alpha variant (p=0.003).

Conclusion: No significant differences were found in inflammation biomarkers among the three variants. Furthermore, there were no significant disparities in mortality or disease severity. The level of inflammatory response in patients may be determined by the severity of COVID-19, rather than the specific viral variant.

Keywords: COVID-19 variants; SARS-CoV2 (COVID- 19); Spain; alpha; delta; inflammation; omicron.