The difference between concealment and blinding in clinical trials and why both are important. A reply to Garg and Mickenautsch, BMC Medical Research Methodology (2022) 22:17

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute of the Keck School of Medicine at USC, 1501 San Pablo Street, ZNI Room 245, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. plyden@usc.edu.
• ² University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
• ³ Memorial Hermann Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
• ⁴ Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
• ⁵ State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
• ⁶ Emory University School of Medicine, Marcus Stroke & Neuroscience Center at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA.
• ⁷ University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
• ⁸ Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.