Separator designs for aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Abstract

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are attracting worldwide attention due to their multiple merits such as extreme safety, low cost, feasible assembly, and environmentally friendly enabled by water-based electrolytes. At present, AZIBs have experienced systematic advances in battery components including cathode, anode, and electrolyte, whereas research involving separators is insufficient. The separator is the crucial component of AZIBs through providing ion transport, forming contact with electrodes, serving as a container for electrolyte, and ensuring the efficient battery operation. Considering this great yet ignored significance, it is timely to present the latest advances in design strategies, the systematic classification and summary of separators. We summarize the separator optimization strategies mainly along two approaches including the modification of the frequently used glass fiber and the exploitation of new separators. The advantages and disadvantages of the two strategies are analyzed from the material types and the characteristics of different strategies. The effects and mechanisms of various materials on regulating the uniform migration and deposition of Zn²⁺, balancing the excessively concentrated nucleation points, inhibiting the growth of dendrites, and the occurrence of side reactions were discussed using confinement, electric field regulation, ion interaction force, desolvation, etc. Finally, potential directions for further improvement and development of AZIBs separators are proposed, aiming at providing helpful guidance for this booming field.

Keywords: Aqueous zinc-ion batteries; Dendrite; Interface optimization; Ion mass transfer; Separators.