Apoptosis induction capability of silver nanoparticles capped with Acorus calamus L. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex DC. against lung carcinoma cells

Anjali B Thakkar; R B Subramanian; Vasudev R Thakkar; Sandip V Bhatt; Sunil Chaki; Yati H Vaidya; Vikas Patel; Parth Thakor

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24400

Apoptosis induction capability of silver nanoparticles capped with Acorus calamus L. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex DC. against lung carcinoma cells

Heliyon. 2024 Jan 15;10(2):e24400. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24400. eCollection 2024 Jan 30.

Authors

Anjali B Thakkar^{1

2}, R B Subramanian¹, Vasudev R Thakkar¹, Sandip V Bhatt², Sunil Chaki^{2

3}, Yati H Vaidya⁴, Vikas Patel⁵, Parth Thakor⁶

Affiliations

¹ P. G. Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, India.
² P. G. Department of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences (IICISST), Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujrat, India.
³ Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujrat, India.
⁴ Department of Microbiology, Shri Alpesh N. Patel Post Graduate Institute of Science and Research, Anand, Gujarat, 388120, India.
⁵ Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre for Applied Research & Testing (SICART), Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, 388120, India.
⁶ Bapubhai Desaibhai Patel Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India.

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared using a one-step reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO₃) with sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a capping agent. Plant extracts from D. sissoo (DS) and A. calamus L. (AC) leaves were incorporated during the synthesis process. The crystalline nature of the AgNPs was confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming the face-centered cubic structure, with a lattice constant of 4.08 Å and a crystallite size of 18 nm. Field Emission Gun Transmission Electron Microscopy (FEG-TEM) revealed spherical AgNPs (10-20 nm) with evident PVP adsorption, leading to size changes and agglomeration. UV-Vis spectra showed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 417 nm for AgNPs and a redshift to 420 nm for PVP-coated AgNPs, indicating successful synthesis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) identified functional groups and drug-loaded samples exhibited characteristic peaks, confirming effective drug loading. The anti-cancer potential of synthesized NPs was assessed by MTT assay in human adenocarcinoma lung cancer (A549) and lung normal cells (WI-38) cells. IC₅₀ values for all three NPs (AgPVP NPs, DS@AgPVP NPs, and AC@AgPVP NPs) were 41.60 ± 2.35, 14.25 ± 1.85, and 21.75 ± 0.498 μg/ml on A549 cells, and 420.69 ± 2.87, 408.20 ± 3.41, and 391.80 ± 1.55 μg/ml respectively. Furthermore, the NPs generated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Differential staining techniques were used to investigate the apoptosis-inducing properties of the three synthesized NPs. The colony formation assay indicated that nanoparticle therapy prevented cancer cell invasion. Finally, Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis predicted the expression pattern of many apoptosis-related genes (Caspase 3, 9, and 8).

Keywords: A. calamus L.; A549; Apoptosis; Cytotoxicity; D. sissoo Roxb. Ex DC.; Silver nanoparticles.