Is digit ratio (2D:4D) a biomarker for lactate? Evidence from a cardiopulmonary test on professional male footballers

Abstract

Background: Lactate accumulation is associated with vigorous exercise, cardiovascular disease and a number of cancers. Digit ratio (2D:4D) has also been linked to oxygen metabolism, myocardial infarction and various cancers. Such similarities suggest the possibility that 2D:4D is a biomarker of lactate. Here, we consider the relationship between 2D:4D and lactate during an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test.

Method: The participants were male professional football players. The treadmill test began at a speed of 8 km/h when the first lactate measurement was taken. The speed was increased by 2 km/h every 3.15 min, with measurements at 10, 12, 14 and 16 km/h.

Results: There were 72 Caucasian and 7 Black participants, results are reported for the most numerous group. Lactate levels increased with running speed and were not correlated with age, body size or body composition. Median splits of digit ratios (right, left and right-left 2D:4D [Dr-l]) were calculated. In comparison to the Low ratio group, the High ratio group showed higher lactate levels across speeds. Effect sizes varied from very large to huge (right 2D:4D), large (left 2D:4D) and medium (Dr-l). At the individual level, positive correlations between digit ratios and lactate at the five different speeds varied from large (right 2D:4D), medium (left 2D:4D) and small (Dr-l).

Conclusion: There were large positive associations between right 2D:4D and lactate at all running speeds. We discuss our findings in relation to oxygen metabolism and suggest that 2D:4D may be a biomarker for lactate in the wider context of the latter's importance in health and disease.

Keywords: Digit ratio; Lactate; Soccer.