Objective: This mixed methods study examines the relationship between outcome expectations, self-efficacy, and self-care behaviors in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). It also explores the personal values motivating these behaviors through in-depth interviews.
Methods: Adults with T2DM (n = 108, M age = 57 years, 58% female, 48% Black) completed questionnaires and participated in in-depth interviews using a laddering technique.
Results: Ordinary least squares regression models were used to analyze the relationships between self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and four self-care behaviors (physical activity, dietary choices, blood glucose monitoring, and medication usage). The findings indicate that self-efficacy is significantly and positively associated with diet and physical activity. Both outcome expectations for blood glucose testing and self-efficacy are significantly and positively associated with self-reported monitoring. However, neither outcome expectation nor self-efficacy is associated with medication usage. The in-depth interviews revealed three common values related to self-care behaviors: maintaining health and longevity, agentic values of self-control, achievement, and self-esteem, and a sense of belonging.
Conclusions: This study sheds light on the complexity of diabetes self-management, offering insights into individuals' values, behavioral strategies, and the influence of control perceptions on this relationship, revealing both differences and commonalities in stated values.
Practice implications: By understanding how personal values drive diabetes self-care behaviors, practitioners can assist patients in establishing meaningful connections between their values and the challenges of living with diabetes.
Keywords: Adherence; Diabetes; Outcome expectation; Personal values; Self-efficacy.
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