Federated Learning Survival Model and Potential Radiotherapy Decision Support Impact Assessment for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Using Real-World Data

M Field; S Vinod; G P Delaney; N Aherne; M Bailey; M Carolan; A Dekker; S Greenham; E Hau; J Lehmann; J Ludbrook; A Miller; A Rezo; J Selvaraj; J Sykes; D Thwaites; L Holloway

doi:10.1016/j.clon.2024.03.008

Federated Learning Survival Model and Potential Radiotherapy Decision Support Impact Assessment for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Using Real-World Data

Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2024 Mar 16:S0936-6555(24)00105-5. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2024.03.008. Online ahead of print.

Authors

M Field¹, S Vinod², G P Delaney², N Aherne³, M Bailey⁴, M Carolan⁴, A Dekker⁵, S Greenham⁶, E Hau⁷, J Lehmann⁸, J Ludbrook⁹, A Miller⁴, A Rezo¹⁰, J Selvaraj¹¹, J Sykes¹², D Thwaites¹³, L Holloway¹⁴

Affiliations

¹ South Western Sydney Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia; South Western Sydney Cancer Services, NSW Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Electronic address: matthew.field@unsw.edu.au.
² South Western Sydney Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia; South Western Sydney Cancer Services, NSW Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
³ Mid North Coast Cancer Institute, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia; Rural Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁴ Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
⁵ Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
⁶ Mid North Coast Cancer Institute, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia.
⁷ Sydney West Radiation Oncology Network, Sydney, Australia; Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁸ School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Radiation Oncology, Calvary Mater, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Institute of Medical Physics, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
⁹ Department of Radiation Oncology, Calvary Mater, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
¹⁰ Canberra Health Services, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
¹¹ South Western Sydney Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Canberra Health Services, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
¹² Sydney West Radiation Oncology Network, Sydney, Australia; Institute of Medical Physics, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
¹³ Institute of Medical Physics, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Radiotherapy Research Group, Leeds Institute for Medical Research, St James's Hospital and the University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
¹⁴ South Western Sydney Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia; South Western Sydney Cancer Services, NSW Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Institute of Medical Physics, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

PMID: 38631978
DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2024.03.008

Abstract

Aims: The objective of this study was to develop a two-year overall survival model for inoperable stage I-III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients using routine radiation oncology data over a federated (distributed) learning network and evaluate the potential of decision support for curative versus palliative radiotherapy.

Methods: A federated infrastructure of data extraction, de-identification, standardisation, image analysis, and modelling was installed for seven clinics to obtain clinical and imaging features and survival information for patients treated in 2011-2019. A logistic regression model was trained for the 2011-2016 curative patient cohort and validated for the 2017-2019 cohort. Features were selected with univariate and model-based analysis and optimised using bootstrapping. System performance was assessed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and corresponding area under curve (AUC), C-index, calibration metrics and Kaplan-Meier survival curves, with risk groups defined by model probability quartiles. Decision support was evaluated using a case-control analysis using propensity matching between treatment groups.

Results: 1655 patient datasets were included. The overall model AUC was 0.68. Fifty-eight percent of patients treated with palliative radiotherapy had a low-to-moderate risk prediction according to the model, with survival times not significantly different (p = 0.87 and 0.061) from patients treated with curative radiotherapy classified as high-risk by the model. When survival was simulated by risk group and model-indicated treatment, there was an estimated 11% increase in survival rate at two years (p < 0.01).

Conclusion: Federated learning over multiple institution data can be used to develop and validate decision support systems for lung cancer while quantifying the potential impact of their use in practice. This paves the way for personalised medicine, where decisions can be based more closely on individual patient details from routine care.

Keywords: Decision support; federated learning; lung cancer; machine learning; radiation oncology.