Holistic Review of Applicants by the United States Postgraduate Training Programs Is Not Associated With the Percentage of Female Residents

Kaitlin M Bowers; Mary E Gresham; Vishnu Mudrakola; Jeremy Shapiro; Richelle J Cooper; Jestin N Carlson; Dhimitri A Nikolla

doi:10.7759/cureus.58002

Holistic Review of Applicants by the United States Postgraduate Training Programs Is Not Associated With the Percentage of Female Residents

Cureus. 2024 Apr 10;16(4):e58002. doi: 10.7759/cureus.58002. eCollection 2024 Apr.

Authors

Kaitlin M Bowers¹, Mary E Gresham¹, Vishnu Mudrakola², Jeremy Shapiro³, Richelle J Cooper⁴, Jestin N Carlson³, Dhimitri A Nikolla^{5

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Emergency Medicine, Jerry M. Wallace School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Lillington, USA.
² Department of Emergency Medicine, Summa Health, Akron, USA.
³ Department of Emergency Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Erie, USA.
⁴ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
⁵ Department of Internal Medicine/Emergency Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, USA.

Abstract

Introduction Given the underrepresentation of female physicians in most specialties and the aim of holistic review in residency applications to improve the diversity of matriculating resident physicians in the United States (US) postgraduate medical training programs, we examined the association between holistic review and female resident representation among US postgraduate training programs. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of US postgraduate training programs to inquire about their use of holistic review for resident applications (independent variable). The primary outcome was the percentage of female residents in each program, which was obtained along with other program-level characteristics from the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database Access (FREIDA) catalog in April 2023. We limited the analysis to the 10 specialties with the most training spots in 2022, including anesthesiology, emergency medicine, family medicine, internal medicine, neurology, obstetrics and gynecology, orthopedic surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, and surgery (general). We also examined the interactions between holistic review and specialty and the percentage of female faculty using model comparison and simple slopes analyses. Results Of the 3,364 total programs surveyed from the 10 specialties, 222 (6.6%) responded. Responders and nonresponders had similar program-level characteristics, including program type (e.g., university, community), specialty, and reported minimum board examination scores. Of the 222 responders, 179 (80.6%) reported performing holistic review. The percentage of female residents was 49.0% (interquartile range 37.5 to 66.7) in the no holistic review group and 47.8% (35.4 to 65.0) in the holistic review group (median difference 0.9%, 95% confidence interval -6.7 to 8.3). Furthermore, there was no evidence of interaction between holistic review and either the specialty or the percentage of female faculty on the outcome of the percentage of female residents. Conclusions Holistic review of residency applications in this limited sample of US postgraduate training programs was not associated with the percentage of female residents. The role of holistic review in addressing the imbalance of male and female physicians in the healthcare workforce, particularly between specialties, remains unknown.

Keywords: cross-sectional survey; diversity; female faculty; female residents; healthcare workforce; holistic review; postgraduate training programs; residency applications; specialty; underrepresentation.