Objectives: To investigate the proportion of different histological types and CT enhanced imaging features of primary middle mediastinal lesions in order to improve the understanding of these tumors and the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis. Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on 84 patients with primary middle mediastinal lesions and clear histological classifications diagnosed and treated at the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January 2012 to December 2022. Clinical, imaging, and pathological data were collected and classified according to tumor histological classifications. CT imaging manifestations such as tumor location, size, morphology, edge, boundary, internal components, enhancement characteristics, and surrounding tissue invasion were evaluated and recorded. Results: The histological types of the primary middle mediastinal lesions from the 84 patients included mesenchymal tumors, anterior intestinal cysts, giant lymph node hyperplasia, substernal goiter, neuroendocrine carcinoma, lymphohematopoietic system tumors, and mesothelioma, accounting for 28.6%, 27.4%, 14.3%, 3.6%, 11.9%, 9.5%, and 4.8%, respectively. Mesenchymal tumors included peripheral nerve sheath tumors, vascular tumors, adipogenic tumors, solitary fibrous tumors, and synovial sarcoma, accounting for 54.2%, 20.8%, 12.5%, 8.3%, and 4.2%, respectively. The above tumors had diverse imaging manifestations and specific imaging features. Mature fat were found in 3 cases of liposarcoma; Calcification was observed in 2 cases of thyroid nodules and 7 cases of giant lymph node hyperplasia; Enhanced scanning showed significant enhancement in 2 cases of solitary fibrous tumors, 3 cases of thyroid nodules, and 11 cases of giant lymph node hyperplasia; Mediastinal large lymph nodes was observed in 6 cases of lymphoma and 3 cases of mesothelioma; High invasiveness was observed in 4 cases of mesothelioma and 9 cases of neuroendocrine carcinoma. Conclusion: Mediastinal tumors have low incidence rate and rich histological types, and their imaging manifestations are diverse. Preoperative differential diagnosis can be made according to their specific imaging characteristics.
目的： 探讨原发中纵隔病变的患病情况及增强CT影像学特征，以提高对中纵隔肿瘤的认识及术前诊断的准确度。 方法： 回顾性分析2012年1月至2022年12月中国医学科学院肿瘤医院诊治的84例中纵隔原发病变患者的临床、影像和病理学资料，总结不同组织学类型病变的CT影像特征。 结果： 84例患者中，间叶源性肿瘤24例（28.6%，包括周围神经鞘瘤13例，血管源性肿瘤5例，脂肪源性肿瘤3例，恶性孤立性纤维性肿瘤2例，滑膜肉瘤1例），前肠囊肿23例（27.4%），巨大淋巴结增生12例（14.3%），胸骨后甲状腺肿3例（3.6%），神经内分泌癌10例（11.9%），淋巴造血系统肿瘤8例（9.5%，包括淋巴瘤7例，组织细胞肉瘤1例），心包间皮瘤4例（4.8%）。不同组织学类型的中纵隔原发病变影像表现多样，具有特定的影像学特征：成熟脂肪成分见于3例脂肪肉瘤，钙化见于2例甲状腺肿及7例巨大淋巴结增生，增强扫描强化明显见于2例孤立性纤维性肿瘤、3例甲状腺肿、11例巨大淋巴结增生，纵隔肿大淋巴结见于6例淋巴瘤及3例间皮瘤，高侵袭性见于4例间皮瘤及9例神经内分泌癌。 结论： 原发中纵隔病变发病率低且组织学类型丰富，其影像表现多样，可根据不同组织学类型病变的特异影像学特征进行术前鉴别诊断。.