Antigen-nonspecific approaches to the use of BRMs for cancer treatment have resulted in only limited success to date. In particular, the use of large numbers of adoptively transferred, broadly cytotoxic LAK cells in combination with IL-2 has been effective for only small subsets of cancer patients. Recent demonstrations of T-lymphocyte-mediated antigen-specific responses against some human tumors, and the more potent effects of these cells in preclinical models, have refocused much of the dialogue for biological therapy to potentiation of T-lymphocyte-mediated antitumor effects. Our studies are using the well-characterized Renca murine renal cancer model to study the induction of antitumor T-lymphocyte-mediated responses, the mechanisms by which positive effects are achieved, and the reasons why T lymphocytes in tumor-bearing mice may not respond as predicted. One possible reason why T-lymphocyte responses may not be triggered easily by tumors could be an impairment of critical nuclear transcription factors. We also are studying two approaches for stimulating T-cells in tumor-conditioned hosts. (1) We have shown that IL-7 has potent costimulatory effects on T cells as well as some antitumor effects. (2) We are developing a comprehensive vaccine-type gene therapy approach whereby T cells and antigen-presenting dendritic cells are recruited through the use of antigen, chemokines and GM-CSF. Studies are in progress to determine whether the activity of these recruited cells can then be potentiated by Renca or fibroblast transfectants that express T-cell costimulatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, or IL-12). This approach should optimize both MHC class I- and class II-dependent pathways for induction of T-lymphocyte-mediated responses to cancer, and perhaps overcome tumor-induced impairments in the T lymphocyte function.