We prospectively evaluated 84 consecutive adult patients with chronic liver disease before and after liver transplantation to define the type and frequency of post-transplant neurologic complications, and to assess possible pretransplant and operative variables associated with in-hospital CNS complications. There were 25 patients (30%) who presented 23 neurologic complications of the central and six of the peripheral nervous system. Seventy-five percent of the complications occurred in the first month post-transplant. The most frequent CNS complications included anoxic (six patients) and septic (five) encephalopathy, as well as brain hemorrhage (five). Patients who presented CNS complications had a higher mortality rate than those who did not (55% versus 17%, p = 0.002). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed abnormal pretransplant neurologic examination suggestive of chronic hepatic encephalopathy (p = 0.007) and noncholestatic liver disease (p = 0.012) to be independently associated with in-hospital CNS complications. These data indicate that CNS neurologic complications following liver transplant are common in patients with noncholestatic liver disease and are associated with increased mortality. The pretransplant neurologic examination is an important predictor of CNS complications that occur in the immediate post-transplant period.