In spite of the favorable natural history and the nonserious nature of the problem of much work-related low back and neck pain, conventional rehabilitation methods have failed to reduce work disability. Recently, rehabilitation goals have shifted from exclusively reducing or eradicating pain to improving patients' work and activity tolerance, avoiding illness behaviors, and preventing deconditioning and chronicity. Rehabilitation programs must incorporate strategies that have been proved to improve outcome in randomized, controlled trials. Treatment should be based on duration of symptoms, severity of impairment, and patient response. Consideration must be given to physical and psychological therapeutic milieu. Acute patients should be educated that pain is a normal part of recovery, and that activity maintenance improves outcome. Therapy should focus on restoring or maintaining flexibility, strength, and level of fitness while maintaining maximum productivity. Some acute patients may wish to change health habits and may undergo several sessions of general and low back conditioning training with the development of a health-club or home maintenance regimen. Patients failing to respond favorably to acute treatment and other subacute patients should participate in quota-based graded exercise regimens, with behavioral management. Quantification of function for flexibility, trunk strength, lifting capacity, and cardiovascular fitness is recommended to document progress and guide treatment. "Wellness" is stressed. Incorporating direct return-to-work advice into the treatment plan is important, as is direct communication with the employer throughout treatment. Patients should be cleared for full-duty return to work at treatment end in most circumstances. Successfully managed patients will feel confident about abilities for work and general activities. Intensive management of subacute patients may require 4 to 6 weeks and 12 to 18 comprehensive rehabilitation sessions. Once such comprehensive treatment has been provided, patients may be deemed at a medical endpoint, and further "chronic" rehabilitation treatment should not be necessary. The rehabilitation principles discussed here for work-injured low back and neck pain patients may be used to treat other industrial injuries as long as medical clearance is given for applying the treatment model. Specific time frames for recovery and expected performance for specific diagnoses need to be developed.