Immunoablation by high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) is one approach currently under discussion for the treatment and possible cure of patients with severe autoimmune diseases. Chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) can be refractory to current therapies and in severe cases may constitute a life-threatening condition. We performed autologous PBSCT with T-cell depletion in a patient with severe chronic ITP but observed no effect on platelet levels. This contrasts with a recent report where complete remission was induced by a similar regimen in two patients with ITP Further studies will be necessary to identify subgroups of patients who might benefit from this form of therapy.